The Roles of Leadership and Management in Educational Administration (Part 2)
Chapter 3. Theories of Educational Management
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The various formal models pervade much of the literature on educational management.
They are normative approaches in that they present ideas about how people in organizations ought
to behave. Levacic et al (1999) argue that these assumptions underpin the educational reforms of
the 1990s, notably in England:
A major development in educational management in the last decade has been much greater
emphasis on defining effective leadership by individuals in management posts in terms of the
effectiveness of their organisation, which is increasingly judged in relation to measurable
outcomes for students . . . This is argued to require a rational-technicist approach to the
structuring of decision-making. (p. 15)